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Sir John Chandos A Distinguished Commander
Sir John Chandos was one of the most celebrated English commanders of the 14th century. He served closely with the Black Prince throughout many...
The Battle at Meaux Victory and Punishment
After the knights—led by the Count of Foix and the Captal de Buch—attacked the rebels at Meaux, they pursued them relentlessly. The professional soldiers...
The Count of Foix and the Captal de Buch Respond
During a time of great unrest in France, a violent revolt broke out among the common people. This rebellion, often called the Jacquerie, caused...
The English Advance Through France
The Black Prince and his army continued their march through France with great speed and confidence. Along the way, they captured towns and castles,...
Gathering of the French Army
Soldiers came to join the French king from many regions, including Brittany and Normandy. As they arrived, they were carefully organized by the king’s...
The French King’s Earlier Actions
Before hearing about the English advance, the French king had already been active in war. He had made a swift campaign and successfully retaken...
The Fate of Arthur of Brittany
Arthur of Brittany, the young grandson of Henry II, played a central role in the political struggles of the late 12th century. For a...
Continuity of English Rule
Despite revolts and local unrest, Aquitaine remained attached to the English crown. Even after the loss of Normandy, which had been part of the...
Sirventets Poetry as a Political Tool
In medieval Aquitaine, culture and politics were closely linked, often in surprising ways. One of the most important examples was the sirventet, a type...
Early Public Health Resources in Bulgaria
According to the first population census in 1893, Bulgaria had around 4,000,000 inhabitants. At that time, the public health system was very limited in...
